VOlUME 03 ISSUE 04 APRIL 2024
1Shaira Michaela D. Umali, 2Ruby R. brion
1,2Laguna State Polytechnic University San Pablo City Laguna, Philippines
DOI : https://doi.org/10.58806/ijsshmr.2024.v3i4n03Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the effects of social media on the political attitude of senior high school learners, particularly in countering political misinformation. Using a descriptive correlational study method, it involved 160 senior high school students from Felix Amante Senior High School, during the academic year 2022-2023. Adapted survey questionnaires were employed to measure the data and underwent internal and external validation through the help of a panel of examiners and a group of teachers. Furthermore, the results revealed that social media plays a significant role in shaping students’ political attitudes, with both affordances and misinformation contributing to their perception of politics. Overall, the findings suggest that social media has a significant impact on the political attitudes of senior high school students, which underscores the importance of educating students on how to critically evaluate the information they encounter on social media.
KEYWORDS:social media affordances, misinformation, political attitude, political participation
REFERENCES
1) Abdulrauf, A. A. (2016). Cognitive engagement and online political participation on Facebook and Twitter among youths in Nigeria and Malaysia. PhD Thesis, Universiti Utara, Malaysia. Retrieved from
http://etd.uum.edu.my/6039/2/s95350_02.pdf.
2) Ahmad, T. (2019). The Use of Social Media on Political Participation Among University Students: An Analysis of Survey Results From Rural Pakistan. Sage Journal, 2-4.
3) Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election.". Americal Economic Association, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31 (2): 211-36.
4) Alquraan, H., Abu-Shanab, E., Banitaan, S., & Al-Tarawneh, H. (2017). International Journal of Social Media and Interactive Learning Environments, 5(1), 48-61.
5) Amurao, I. (2022, May 4). The politics of Facebook in the Philippines. Manila: AsiaTimes.
6) Anderson J, R. L. (2017). The future of truth and misinformation online. Retrieved from Elon.Edu: : http://www.elon.edu/docs/e-web/imagining/surveys/2017_survey/Future_of_Info_Environment_Elon_University_Pew_10-18-17.pdf
7) Anderson, M., & Jiang, J. (2018, May 31). Teens, Social Media and Technology 2018. Retrieved from Pew Research Center: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/
8) Angelis, A. D., Farhart, C. E., Merkley, E., & Stekula, D. A. (2022). Political Misinformation in the Digital Age during a Pandemic: Partisanship, Propaganda, and Democratic Decision-making. Frontiers of Political Science.
9) Argyris, Y. A. (2015). Corporate use of social media: Technology affordance and external stakeholder relations. . Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 140–168.
10) Arugay, A. A. (2022). Stronger Social Media Influence in the 2022 Philippine Elections. Philippines: ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute.
11) Baclig, C. E. (2022, April 29). Social media, internet craze keep PH on top 2 of world list. Manila, Philippines: Inquirer.Net.
12) Baek, Y. M. (2015). Political mobilization through social network sites: The mobilizing power of political messages received from SNS friends. Computers in Human Behavior, 12-19.
13) Baradat, L. P., & Phillips, J. A. (2019). The Spectrum of Political Attitudes. Political Ideologies, 35.
14) Barberá, P., John T. Jost, Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting From Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than an Echo Chamber? Psychological Science, Volume 26, Issue 10.
15) Barrett, M. (2018, January 4). Young People's Civic and Political Engagement and Global Citizenship. United Nations Chronicles.
16) Bellisario, D. P. (2018). The Arthur W. Page Center. Retrieved from https://www.pagecentertraining.psu.edu/public-relations-ethics/introduction-to-the-ethical-implications-of-fake-news-for-pr-professionals/lesson-2-fake-news-content/fabricated-content-imposter-content/
17) Benjamin. (2017, March). Political Awareness Should Be Important to High School Students. Varsity Tutor's . USA: Varsity Tutor's .
18) Bimber, B. A. (2012). Collective Action in Organizations: Interaction and Engagement in an Era of Technological Change. Cambridge University Press.
19) Bimber, B. a. (2020). The Unedited Public Sphere. New Media and Society, 22:4, 700–15.
20) Bode, L., & Dalrymple, K. E. (2018). Politics in 140 Characters or Less: Campaign Communication, Network Interaction, and Political Participation on Twitter. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 15(1), 36-52.
21) Bossetta, M. (2018). The Digital Architectures of Social Media: Comparing Political Campaigning on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat in the 2016 U.S’, Election. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 471–96.
22) Boulianne, S. (2015). Social media use and participation: a meta-analysis of current research. Information, Communication & Society, 524-538, DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542.
23) Boyd, D. (2010). “Social network sites as networked publics:Affordances, dynamics, and implications”. In a Network Self, Routledge, pp.47-56.
24) Breuer, A., & Groshek, J. (2014). Slacktivism or efficiency-increased activism? Online political participation and the Brazilian Ficha Limpa anti-corruption campaign Digital Opportunities for Democratic Governance in Latin America. Routledge, , pp. 165-182.
25) Brooks, C. (2020). Michigan State University Today (MSU Today). Retrieved from
https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2020/the-truth-behind-fake-news-and-politics-on-social-media
26) Broughton, D. (2022, May 6). A Re-Written History: How Digital Misinformation is Distorting Facts in the Philippines. Philippines: International Republican Institute.
27) Butt, J. &. (2017). Intention for voting in Pakistan: The role of social media, ethnicity, and religiosity. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 1-15.
28) Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1997). What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. Washington, DC.: Yale University Press.
29) Chadwick, A. (August 24, 2017). The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. Oxford University Press.
30) Chen, H.-T., Gan, C., & Sun, P. (2017). How Does Political Satire Influence Political Participation? Examining the Role of Counter- and Proattitudinal Exposure,Anger, and Personal Issue Importance. International Journal of Communication 1, 3011–3029.
31) Chen, L. (2018). Nature and Diffusion of Gynecologic Cancer–Related Misinformation on Social Media: Analysis of Tweets. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH, 2-3.
32) Chen, Q. X. (2016). Social media policies as responses for social media affordances: The Case of China. Government Information Quarterly, 33(2), 313–324.
33) Council of Europe. (2019). Council of Europe. Retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/campaign-free-to-speak-safe-to-learn/home
34) Crismundo, K. (2021). Digital fraud attempts in PH rise amid pandemic. Manila Philippines:
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1134735.
35) Del Vicario M, B. A. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. Proc. National Adac. SCi.
36) Del Vicario, M. e. (2016). Te spreading of misinformation online. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
37) Dewing, M. (2015). Social Media: An Introduction. Library of Parliament, 1-3.
38) Diamond, L. (2010). Liberation technology. Journal of Democracy, 21(3), 69–83.
39) Dijck, V., & Poell, T. (2018). Social media platforms and education. The SAGE Handbook of Social Media, pp. 579-591.
40) Earl, J. a. (2011). Digitally Enabled Social Change: Activism in the Internet Age. Cambridge: MIT Press.
41) Ekaterina Zhuravskaya,Maria Petrova,Ruben Enikolopov. (2020). Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media. The Annual Review of Economics, 417-418.
42) Ellison, N. B. (2015). The use of enterprise social network sites for knowledge sharing in distributed organizations: The role of organizational affordances. The American Behavioral Scientist (59) 1, 103–123.
43) Emmanuelle Vaast, K. E. (79-80). Social media affordances and governance in the workplace: An examination of organizational policies. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 2015.
44) Esguerra, A. (2022, May 9). Elections in a Pandemic: How Filipinos Can Safely Elect Their Leaders. The Diplomat. 2022, Philippines.
45) Estella, P. a. (2021). Media Landscapes. Retrieved from https://medialandscapes.org/country/philippines/media/social-networks
46) Farhan Khan, X. S. (2019). Social Media Affordances and Information Sharing: An Evidence from Chinese Public Organization. Sciendo, 136-137.
47) Feldstein, S. (2021). Social Manipulation and Disinformation in the Philippines. The Rise of Digital Repression: How Technology is Reshaping Power, Politics, and Resistance, Pages 134–C5.N163.
48) Fernández-Luque L, B. T. (2015). Health and social media: perfect storm of information. Healthc Inform Res.
49) Geeks for Greeks. (2022, October 6). Retrieved from GeeksforGreeks.org: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/political-attitude-and-its-impact-on-society/
50) Ghani, A. (2020, April). Social Media a Tool of Political Awareness and Mobilization -A Study of Punjab, Pakistan. Retrieved from Researchgate:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354666742_Social_Media_a_Tool_of_Political_Awareness_and_Mobilization_-A_Study_of_Punjab_Pakistan
51) Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.
52) Guess, A. M., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2020). Exposure to untrustworthy websites in the 2016 US election. Nature Human Behaviour , volume 4, pages472–480 .
53) Harel, A. (2021). Radicalism, Conservativism and Liberalism: Contemporary Lessons for Politics and for Political Activists. Universidad Externado de Colombia.
54) Ida, R. &. (2020). An empirical analysis of social media usage, political learning and participation among youth: a comparative study of Indonesia and Pakistan. Quality and Quantity, 1285-1297.
55) J.W. Treem, P. L. (2012). Social media use in organizations: exploring the affordances of visibility,editability, persistence, and association. pp. 143-189.
56) Jiayin Qi, E. M. (2018). Theories of Social Media: Philosophical Foundations. Engineering Vol. 4 Issue 1, 95-99.
57) Jungherr, A., Jürgens, P., & Schoen, H. (2020). The mediation of politics through Twitter: An analysis of messages posted during the campaign for the German federal election 2013. . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 25(1), 21-38.
58) Koff, M. A. (2016). 11 Media Theories and the Facebook Influence. Creative Commons.
59) Kulshrestha, J. e. (2017). . Quantifying search bias: Investigating sources of bias for political searches in social media. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing.
60) Labao, P. &. (2020, June 14). ONLINE LIBEL AS CYBERCRIME IN THE PHILIPPINES: DEFINITION, REQUISITES AND APPLICATION OF PENALTIES. Metro Manila: Pamaos & Labao Law Firm.
61) Lubeck, M. (2017, January 23). Evaluating News: Satirical News. South Carolina, United States of America.
62) Malsbender, A. H. (2013). Aligning capabilities and social media affordances for open innovation in governments. Information Systems: Transforming the Future: Proceedings of the 24th Australasian Conference on Information System, 1-13.
63) Matthes, J. (2022). Social Media and the Political Engagement of Young Adults: Between Mobilization and Distraction. Online Media and Global Communication.
64) Matthes, J., Heiss, R., & Scharell, H. v. (2023). The distraction effect. Political and entertainment-oriented content on social media, political participation, interest, and knowledge. ELSEVIER; Computers on Human Behavior, 2-4.
65) Mavridis, G. (2018). Fake news and Social Media How Greek users identify and curb misinformation online. Nordenskiöldsgatan Malmö, Sweden: Malmö University.
66) Mitchell A, G. J. (2019). Many Americans say made-up news is a critical problem that needs to be fixed. Tech. Rep., Pew Res. Cent., Washington, DC.
67) Muntean, A. (2015). The impact of social media use of political participation. Denmark: Aarhus University.
68) Neubaum, G., & Lane, D. S. (March 17, 2023). Nevertheless, It Persists: Political Self-Effects in the Context of Persistent Social Media. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications. Advance online publication, https://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000372.
69) Njegomir, N. M. (2016). The impact of Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube on Millennials' political behavior. Gonzaga University.
70) Okoro , N., & Nwafor, K. (2013). Social media and political participation in Nigeria during the 2011 general elections: The lapses and the lessons. Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(3), 29-46.
71) Omotayo, F. O., & Folorunso, M. B. (2020). Use of Social Media for Political Participation by Youths in Oyo State, Nigeria. Oyo State, Nigeria: JeDEM.
72) Pamaos, F. (2020, April 2). FAKE NEWS UNDER THE REVISED PENAL CODE: UNLAWFUL USE OF MEANS OF PUBLICATION. Manila: Pamaos & Labao Law Firm.
73) Pasion, L. (March 18, 2022). Election tweets of Marcos, Robredo supporters show political polarization – study. Manila, Philippines: Rappler.com.
74) Pauline Estella, M. L. (2020). Media Landscapes. Retrieved from Google:
https://medialandscapes.org/country/philippines/media/social-networks#:~:text=Facebook%20is%20the%20most%20widely,and%20Twitter%20(56%20percent).
75) Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019). Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality. Nature Human Behaviour, , 472-480.
76) Perrin, A., & Anderson, M. (2019). Share of Us Adults Using Social Media, Including Facebook, Is Mostly Unchanged Since 2018. Pew Research Center.
77) Pickard, V. (2017). Media Failures in the Age of Trump. The Political Economy of Communication, 118-122.
78) Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Touchstone Books/Simon & Schuster.
79) Quintos, P. (2017). Blogger sheds light on Silent No More page. Manila, Philippines : ABS-CBN News.
80) Quitzon, J. (2021, November 22). Social Media Misinformation and the 2022 Philippine Elections. Retrieved from Google: https://www.csis.org/blogs/new-perspectives-asia/social-media-misinformation-and-2022-philippine-elections
81) R. Schwartz, G. H. (2015). The spatial self: Location-based identity performance on social media. New Media Soc, 1643-1660.
82) Rosenberg, M. (1942). Analyzing Political Attitudes. The Social Studies, 33:2, 68-70, DOI:
10.1080/00220973.1936.11016681.
83) Saunar, I. (2016, July 24). Human rights group urges President Duterte to stop killings. Philippines: CNN Philippines .
84) Schrock, A. R. (2015). “Communicative affordances of mobile media: Portability, availability, locatability, and multimediality”. International Journal of Communication, p. 18.
85) Shabir, G., Hameed, Y. M., Safdar, G., & Gilani, S. M. (2014). The Impact of Social Media on youth: A case study of Bahawalpur city. Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 3(4), 132-151.
86) Stamati, T. P. (2015). Social media for openness and accountability in the public sector:Cases in the Greek context. Government Information Quarterly 32 (1), 12-29.
87) Subramanian, K. (2017). Influence of Social Media in Interpersonal Communication. International Journal of Scientific Progress and Reseach (IJSPR), 70-75.
88) Sun, D. D. (2021). Cultural Affordances and Social Media. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences , 3017.
89) Swire B, B. A. (2017). Processing political misinformation: comprehending the Trump phenomenon. Retrieved from The Royal Society Publishing: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.160802
90) Theocharis, Y. (2015). The Conceptualization of Digitally Networked Participation. Social Media and Society, 1-14.
91) Thijssen, Y. (2017, July 11). BREAKING THE NEWS THE EFFECTS OF FAKE NEWS ON POLITICAL ATTITUDES. University of Twente.
92) Treem, J., & Leonardi, P. (2012). “Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association”. Annals of the International Communication Association, p.143.
93) Trepte, S. (2015). “Social media, privacy, and self-disclosure: The turbulence caused by social media’s affordances”. Social Media Society.
94) Trottier, D. (2016). Social Media as Surveillance: Rethinking Visibility in a Converging World. 711 Third Avenue, New York, USA: Routledge.
95) Uldam, J. (2017). Social media visibility: challenges to activism. Sage Journals, volume 40 Issue 1.
96) Unwuchola, A. A., Adinlewa, T., & Udeh, K. (2017). An Appraisal of the role of ICT as a tool for participatory democracy in Nigeria. . Media and Communication Current, 1(1),, 69-87.
97) Wardle, C. (2017, February 16). Fake News. It's Complicated. Retrieved from The University of Iowa: medium.com/1st-draft/fake-news-its-complicated-d0f773766c79
98) Yusingco, M. H. (2020). Google. Retrieved from Griffith University: https://blogs.griffith.edu.au/asiainsights/social-media-and-democracy-in-the-philippines/
VOlUME 03 ISSUE 04 April 2024
Indexed In
